how when and where with notes (हिंदी में) || Class 8 Chapter 1 History ||
how when and where with notes (हिंदी में) || Class 8 Chapter 1 History ||
Class 8 chapter 1 History
Class
8 Chapter 1 History
How,
When and Where
Urbanisation – The movement of
people from villages to cities in search of a good quality life like education,
health facility
Industrialisation – wide scale
development of industries
Periodisation – process of dividing
history into periods
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How
important are dates
1.
You may have heard people say, “I
find history boring because it is all about memorizing dates.” Is it true?
3. In
these, they talked & wrote about the dates on which rulers were crowned,
battles (युद्ध) were fought, the year he married,
the year he had a child, the year he died, and the year the next ruler (शासक) succeeded to the throne (राज-गद्दी).
4. For
such events, specific dates can be determined and important.
5. On
the other side, we cannot determine dates or when it started
6. E.g.
watching someone sip (चुस्की लगाकर पीना) a cup of tea at a roadside tea
stall you may wonder (जानने को उत्सुक होना) – when did people begin to drink
tea or coffee?
7. Looking
out of the window of a train you may ask yourself – when were railways built
and how did people travel long distances before the age of railways?
8. Reading
the newspaper in the morning you may be curious (उत्सुक) to know how people got to hear
about things before newspapers began to be printed.
9.
Historians also focused on how
people earned their livelihood (रोजी- रोटी), what they produced (पैदावार) and ate, how cities developed and
markets came up, how kingdoms were formed and new ideas spread (फैलना), and how cultures and society
changed.
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Which
dates?
1.
Certain dates, around which we build
up our story of the past, becomes important when we focus on a particular set
of events as important.
2. British
historians wrote histories in India like the rule of each Governor- General was
important.
3. These
histories began with the rule of the first Governor-General, Warren Hastings
(in 1773), and ended with the last Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten.
4.
All the dates were linked to different
personalities – to their activities, policies, achievements.
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How
do we periodise?
1.
In 1817, James Mill published a
book, named “A
History of British India”.
2. In
this he divided Indian history into three periods – Hindu, Muslim and British.
3. This
periodisation came to be widely accepted.
4. The
main reason to do is that to capture (पकड़ना) the characteristics of a time, its
central features as they appear to us.
5. According
to the mill, before the British came to India, there were Religious intolerance
(असहनशीलता), caste superstitious (अंधविश्वासी) practices dominated (हावी होना) between Hindu and Muslim.
7. To
do this it was necessary to introduce European manners (शिष्टता), arts (कला), institutions and laws in India.
8. Except
from British classification, historians have usually divided Indian history
into ‘ancient’, ‘medieval’ and ‘modern’.
10.
So that many historians refer to
this period as ‘colonial’
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What
is colonial?
1.
British came to conquer (जीतना) the country and establish their
rule, subjugating (अधीन करना) local nawabs and rajas.
2. They
established control over the economy, society, collected revenue, bought the
goods at low prices
3. So
when the subjugation of one country by another leads to these kinds of
political, economic, social and cultural changes is called colonisation or
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Administration
produces records
1.
One important source is the official
records of the British administration.
2. The
British believed that the act of writing was important.
3. Every
instruction, plan, policy decision, agreement, investigation had to be clearly
written up.
4. Once
this was done, things could be properly studied and debated.
5. They
set up record rooms attached to all administrative institutions.
6.
E.g. the village tahsildar’s office, the
collectorate, the commissioner’s office etc
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National
Archives of India
1.
It was established in New Delhi in
the 1920s.
2.
Documents available here like
governments orders, legal acts, letters, diaries of officials, Farmans and old
books.
Surveys
1.
The British believed that to rule
any country, it is required to know that country properly.
2. Therefore,
detailed maps of the entire country were prepared during the 19th
century
3. In
the villages, revenue surveys were conducted to know the topography (भौगोलिक स्थिति), the soil quality, the flora (वनस्पति), the fauna (जीवजंतु), the local histories, and the
cropping (फ़सल) pattern.
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What official records do not tell
1.
Official records mostly in the
favour of the government & administrators and ignore the ideas, opinions (विचार), feelings, pain & happiness of
the common people.
2. Many
foreigner authors such as Max Muller wrote about history & culture of India
along with Indian philosophy.
3. Many
books that contain ideas or speeches of Nehru, Gandhiji and many other great
leaders are very important.
5. Many
newspapers were also published in India during this period to understand the
views & opinions of the Indians.
6. Leaders
and reformers wrote to spread their ideas, poets and novelists wrote to express
their feelings.
7. All
these sources, however, were produced by the educated people.
8.
These rarely capture the life of
tribals, farmers, mine workers or poor people
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