Land Soil Water Natural Vegetation & Wildlife Resources notes Class 8 Chapter 2 Geography
Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources
Land
1. Land
is among the most important natural resources.
2. It
covers only about 30% of the total area of the earth’s surface
3. The
uneven distribution of population in different parts of the world is mainly due
to different characteristics of land and climate.
4. The
rugged (ऊबड़ खाबड़) topography (भौगोलिक स्थिति), steep slopes (सीधी ढाल) of the mountains, desert
areas, and thick forested areas are normally less populated.
5. Plains
and river valleys offer suitable land for agriculture.
6. Hence,
these are the densely populated areas of the world.
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Land Use
1.
Land
is used for different purposes such as agriculture, forestry, mining, building
houses, roads and setting up of industries.
3.
Land
can also be classified on the basis of ownership as – private land and
community land.
5.
Community
land – It is owned by the community (समाज) for
common uses like collection of fodder (चारा),
fruits, nuts or medicinal herbs (जड़ी बूटी).
6.
These
community lands are also called common
property resources.
Conservation of Land Resource
1. Growing
population and their demand has led to large scale destruction (विनाश) of forest cover and agriculture land has created a fear
of losing this natural resource.
·
Checks on overgrazing
·
Providing better irrigation
facilities
·
Conserving soil & forest
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Landslides
1. It is simply defined as the mass movement which displaces
(स्थान बदलना) materials
like rock, debris (मलबा) on the earth is called
landslide
2. It often occurs with natural calamities (संकट) like earthquakes (भूचाल), floods (बाढ़), heavy rainfall and volcanic
(ज्वालामुखी) eruptions (विस्फोट).
Soil
2. Soil
is made up of organic matter, minerals and weathered rocks found on the earth.
3. Weathering
– The breaking up and decay of exposed rocks, by temperature changes, flowing
rivers, frost (ठंढ) action, plants, animals and human activity
4. Fine
vegetables & animals remains (अवशेष) called humus, increase the
fertility (उपजाऊ) of the soil
Factors
of Soil Formation
1. The
process of soil formation is very slow
2. It
takes hundreds of years to make just one cm of soil
3. The
quality of soil differs from region to region in colour, texture (बनावट) and fertility (उपजाऊ).
4. The
following factors play an important role in the formation of soil
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Climatic
Conditions
1. It
plays an important role in the formation of soil
2. Distribution
of rainfall and temperature decide the weathering of rocks and humus formation
Parent
Rock Material
1. The
original rock from which the soil is formed is called parent rock.
Humus
2.
It
provides organic matter to the soil & makes it fertile.
Time
– It decides the thickness of the soil profile
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Soil
Profile
1. Soil
develops in horizontal layers.
2. The
horizontal layers of soil are called soil horizons
Top
soil (Horizon A)
1. It
is the topmost layer of the soil
Subsoil
(Horizon B)
1. It
is found below the topsoil
3. Rainwater
which occurs on the surface of earth collects in this layer.
Rock
Fragments (Horizon C)
This is the 3rd
layer which is consist of weathered rocks.
Bedrock
(Horizon D)
1. It
is the last layer of the soil profile.
2. It
is the parent rock
3. It
is a solid layer of unweathered rock
Degradation
of Soil
2. Due
to erosion, soil loses its fertility
3. Both human and natural factors can lead to degradation of
soils.
5. Human
factors are deforestation, overgrazing, over utilisation of land and overuse of chemical feritilisers (खाद) or pesticides (कीटनाशक) can cause depletion (कमी) of soil fertility.
Soil
Conservation
1. It
is the prevention (रोकना) of loss of the top most layer of the soil from erosion
or prevention of reduced fertility caused by over usage, acidification, or
other chemical soil contamination.
3. Checking overgrazing – It should be checked time to time as
the land becomes exposed to rain and wind & fodder (पशुओं का चारा) should be grown as crop
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Rock dam
1. Rocks
are compiled (इकट्ठा करना) to slow down the flow of
water and prevent (रोकना) soil loss by
floods.
2. Fertility
of the soil can be regained by intensive manuring (खाद), using chemical fertilisers and crop rotation.
2. In
it, hill slopes are cut into terraces to create flat areas to grow crops.
3. This
method reduces the speed of flowing rainwater.
Crop Rotation
1.
The
cultivation of two or more crops on the same piece of land each year at
different times is called crop rotation.
Shelter belts
1. In
the coastal and dry regions, rows of trees are planted to reduce the speed of wind
to protect soil
2. These
rows are called shelter belts.
Water
1.
Approximately, 71 % of the earth’s
surface is covered with water.
2. Only
3 % (70% - Glaciers & ice caps (Antarctica, Greenland and
the mountainous regions) and 30% - ground water) of the
total available water is a freshwater.
3. Humans use huge amounts of water not only for drinking and
washing but also in the process of production.
4. Water for agriculture, industries, generating electricity
through reservoirs of dams is the other usages.
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Problems
of Water Availability
1. Increasing
population, rising demands for food, increasing urbanisation and rising standards
of living are the major factors leading to shortages (कमी) in supply of fresh water.
2. Most
of the countries of Africa, West Asia, South Asia, western USA, north-west
Mexico, parts of South America and entire Australia are facing shortages in
fresh water supply.
3. The
existing resources of freshwater are either drying up or getting polluted.
4. Water
shortage may be a consequence (परिणाम) of variation in seasonal or annual precipitation or the
scarcity (कमी) is caused by over-exploitation (अति उपभोग) and contamination (दूषित करना) of water sources.
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Conservation
of Water Resources
1. Even
though water is a renewable resource, its overuse and pollution make it unfit
for use.
2. Discharge
of untreated or partially treated sewage, agricultural chemicals and industrial
effluents (liquid waste) in water bodies are major contaminants (दूषित पदार्थ).
3. Some
of the measures that can be taken for water conservation are –
·
Water harvesting should be
done in both urban and rural areas to store rainwater.
·
Industries effluents should be
treated before they are discharged into the water bodies.
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Natural
Vegetation
1. It
is defined as the plants that grow naturally in an area.
2. This
growth depends upon the climate & relief features of an area.
3. Vegetation and wildlife are valuable resources.
4. Plants provide us with timber (लकड़ी), give shelter (शरण स्थान) to animals,
produce oxygen we breathe, protects soils so essential for growing crops, help
in storage of underground water, give us fruits, nuts, medicinal plants and
also the paper that is so important for your studies.
Wild life
4. The
birds feed on insects and act as decomposers as well.
5. Vulture
(गिद्ध) due to its ability to feed on dead livestock (पशु) is an important bird and considered a vital cleanser of
the environment.
6. So
animals big or small, all plays an important part in the ecosystem.
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Distribution
of Natural Vegetation
1. The
growth of vegetation depends primarily on temperature and moisture.
3. In
areas of heavy rainfall, huge trees may expand.
4. As
the amount of moisture decreases the size of trees and their density reduces.
5. Short
trees and grasses grow in the regions of having moderate rainfall
8. Due
to increasing population, large areas of forests have been cleared to grow
crops.
9. There
is an urgent need to conserve forest cover
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Conservation
of Natural Vegetation
1. Forests
are our natural wealth.
2. Plants
give shelter to the animals and together they maintain the ecosystem.
4. Deforestation,
soil erosion, constructional activities, forest fires, tsunami and landslides are
some of the factors which responsible for extinction (लुप्त होना) of these resources.
5. Some
important ways to conserve it – protection of forest reserves, afforestation,
protection of forest from forest fires, awareness programmes of environment or Van Mohatasava at school, state and
national level
Conservation
of Wildlife
1. Many
species (प्रजाति) have become endangered (खतरे में डालना)
and some are on the verge (कगार) of extinction.
2. Major
factors responsible for the decline in the some species like deforestation,
constructional activities, poaching (शिकार).
3. The
animals are poached for collection and illegal trade of hides (खाल), skins, nails, teeth, horns (सींग) & feathers (पंख).
5. National
parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves are made to protect our natural
vegetation and wildlife.
6. Many
countries have passed laws against the trade as well as killing of birds and
animals.
7. In
India, killing lions, tigers, deers, great Indian bustards and peacocks is
illegal.
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Note
– An international convention CITES has been established
that lists several species of animals and birds in which trade is prohibited (रोक लगाना).
CITES (the Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an
international agreement between governments.
Roughly 5,000 species of
animals and 28,000 species of plants are protected.
Bears, dolphins, cacti,
corals, orchids and aloes are some examples.
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