The rise of the nationalism in Europe with notes || Class 10 Chapter 1 History ||
Chapter 1
The Rise of
Nationalism in Europe
Nationalism – loyalty (ईमानदारी) and devotion (निष्ठा) to a nation or a
feeling of love or pride (गर्व) for your own country
The French
Revolution and the Idea of the Nation
1. First
time nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789.
3. The
political and constitutional changes brought by the citizens to transfer of
sovereignty (स्वतंत्र राज्य)
from the monarchy to a body of French citizens.
4. The
revolution proclaimed (घोषित करना)
that the people of France constitute (बनाना)
the nation and shape its destiny.
5. They
made rules to provide equal rights to all community under a constitution.
7. The
Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the
National Assembly.
8. New
hymns (गीत)
were composed, oaths (शपथ)
taken and martyrs (शहीद)
commemorated (श्रद्धांजलि देना),
all in the name of the nation.
10. French
(spoken and written in Paris) became the common language of the nation.
11. Later,
this events adopted in many countries like Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and
much of Italy in the 1790s.
12. With
the starting of the revolutionary wars, the French armies began to carry the
idea of nationalism abroad.
13. Onwards
of 1797, Napoleon introduced many reforms (सुधार)
that he had already introduced in France.
14. He
destroyed democracy in France by introducing monarchy system again.
15. In
1804, he introduced civil code or Napoleonic Code means he abolished all
privileges (विशेषाधिकार) based on birth & established equality before the law and secured
the right to property.
16. In
the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany, he abolished the
feudal (सामन्तवादी)
system and freed (मुक्त) peasants from serfdom (दास प्रथा)
and manorial dues (सामंती कर).
17. Transport
and communication systems were improved.
18. Peasants,
artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed a new-found freedom.
19. All
were getting more facilities like uniform laws, same currency in the nation to
provide exchange (अदला बदली)
of goods and capital (संपत्ति)
from one region to another.
20. Except
these facilities provided by the Napoleon, some were very bad like he ordered to
the people to join the army because he wanted to conquer (जीतना)
rest of the Europe.
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The Making of
Nationalism in Europe
1. Germany,
Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons (प्रांत)
whose rulers had their autonomous (स्वतन्त्र)
territories.
3. They
did not want to share their territory or a common culture.
5. E.g.
Habsburg Empire (साम्राज्य) that ruled over Austria-Hungary was made
of many different regions and people.
6. It
included the Alpine regions – the Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland as well as
Bohemia.
7. In
Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half spoke a
variety of dialects (देशी भाषा).
9. Except
these, there also lived within the boundaries of the empire, a group of peasant
people.
2. They
owned (मालिक होना)
estates (जायदाद)
in the countryside (ग्रामीण क्षेत्र)
and also town-houses.
3. They
spoke French for purposes of politics and in high society status.
4. This
powerful aristocracy was a small group.
5. The
majority of the population was made up of the peasantry.
6. To
the west, the bulk of the land was farmed by tenants (किरायेदार)
and small owners, while the large part in Eastern and Central Europe the
pattern of landholding was cultivated by slaves (ग़ुलाम).
7. In
Western and parts of Central Europe the growth of industrial production and
trade increased the growth of towns which depends on the production for the
market.
8. Industrialisation
began in England in the second half of the 18th century, but in
France and parts of the German states it occurred only during the 19th
century.
9. Due
to this new social groups came into existence: a working-class population, and
middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals.
10. In
Central and Eastern Europe these groups were smaller in number till late 19th
century.
What did Liberal
Nationalism stand for?
2. For
the new middle classes liberalism (उदारतावाद
or स्वतंत्र विचार)
meant for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law
3. After
the French Revolution, liberalism had represented a constitution and government
through parliament by the end of autocracy (तानाशाही)
and clerical (पादरी वर्ग) privileges (विशेषाधिकार).
4. 19th
century liberals also gave importance the security of private property.
5. In
France, first political experiment in liberal democracy, the right to vote and
to get elected was given to property-owning men (Active citizen).
6. Men
without property and all women were excluded from political rights.
8. Under
the Napoleonic Code, he end up (समाप्त करना)
suffrage (मताधिकार)
to all women and non-propertied men and then they organised (आयोजित करना)
opposition movements demanding equal political rights.
9. In
the economic sphere, liberalism stood for (पक्ष में होना)
the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the
movement of goods and capital.
10. Let
us take the example of the German-speaking regions in the first half of the 19th
century.
11. Napoleon’s
administrative had countless small states (राज्य),
in which 39 states made their confederation (संघ).
12. Each
of these had its own currency, and weights and measures.
13. A
merchant (व्यापारी)
travelling in 1833 from Hamburg to Nuremberg to sell his goods would have had
to pass through 11 customs (सीमा-शुल्क)
barriers (नाका)
and pay a customs duty (सीमा शुल्क)
of about 5 % at each one of them.
14. Duties
were often taken according to the weight or measurement of the goods.
15. In
1834, a customs union or zollverein was
formed.
16. This
union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over
thirty to two.
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A New Conservatism
after 1815
1. After
the defeat (हराना)
of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by conservatism (रुढ़िवाद).
2. They
believed that traditional institutions of state and society – like the
monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies (ऊंच नीच),
property and the family – should be preserved (सुरक्षित होना).
3. Most
conservatives did not want to return to the society of pre-revolutionary days.
4. They
realised from the changes started by Napoleon that modernisation could
strengthen (मजबूत करना)
traditional (पौराणिक)
institutions like the monarchy.
5. A
modern army, an efficient (कुशल)
bureaucracy (नौकरशाही),
a dynamic (गतिशील)
economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom (दास प्रथा)
could strengthen the autocratic (निरंकुश)
monarchies of Europe.
6. In
1815, representatives of the European powers – Britain, Russia, Prussia and
Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a
settlement for Europe.
7. It
was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.
8. The
delegates (प्रतिनिधि)
prepared the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the objective of abolishing the changes
which were done by Napoleonic wars.
9. After
it, some states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French
expansion in future.
10. In
the North Netherlands was set up with Belgium.
11. In
the south, Genoa was added to Piedmont.
12. Prussia
was given important new territories on its western frontiers (सीमा),
while Austria was given control of northern Italy.
13. In
the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of
Saxony.
14. The
main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been ended up by
Napoleon, and create a new conservative order in Europe.
15. These
conservatives did not tolerate (बर्दाश्त करना)
criticism (आलोचना)
and dissent (असहमति),
and nobody could rise questioned against the governments.
16. Most
of them imposed (थोपना)
censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers, books, plays and songs
etc
17. One
of the major issues taken up by the liberal-nationalists, who criticised the
new conservative order, was freedom of the press.
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The
Revolutionaries
1. Due
to this conservatism, secret societies raised in many European states to train
revolutionaries and spread their ideas
2. These
revolutionaries meant to oppose monarchical forms that had been established
after the treaty of Vienna, and to fight for liberty (स्वतंत्रता)
and freedom (आज़ादी).
3. One
such individual was the Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini.
4. Born
in Genoa in 1807, he became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari.
5. At
the age of 24, he was sent into exile (देश निकाला)
in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria.
6. He
founded two more underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles, and
then, Young Europe in Berne, whose members from Poland, France, Italy and the
German states.
7. Mazzini
opposed to monarchy and through his vision of democratic republics scared (डराना)
the conservatives.
The Age of Revolutions:
1830-1848
1. The
revolutions were led by the educated middle-class elite (उच्च वर्ग) like professors, schoolteachers, clerks
etc.
3.
The Bourbon kings
were overthrown (तख्ता पलट देना) after 1815 by
liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis
Philippe at its head.
4.
The July
Revolution increased the uprising (बगावत) in Brussels
which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
5.
Greece had been
part of the Ottoman Empire since the 15th century.
6. The
growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe started a struggle for
independence in 1821.
7. Finally,
the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised (मान्यता देना) Greece as an independent nation.
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The
Romantic Imagination and National Feeling
1. Culture
played an important role in creating the idea of the nation like art and
poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings.
2. Romanticism,
a cultural movement which want to develop a different form of nationalist
sentiment (भावना)
3. Language
played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments.
5. In
1831, an armed rebellion (राज द्रोह) against Russian rule took place which
was crushed (कुचलना).
Hunger,
Hardship and Popular Revolt
2. The
first half of the 19th century saw an enormous (बहुत अधिक) increase in population all over Europe.
3. Population
from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.
4. The
rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread poverty (गरीबी) in town and country.
5. In
1948, Food shortages and widespread unemployment brought the population of
Paris out on the roads & Louis Philippe was forced to flee (भाग जाना) and National Assembly announced a
Republic
1848:
The Revolution of the Liberals
1. In
1848, a revolution led by the educated middle classes & demanded of a
nation-state on parliamentary principles – a constitution, freedom of the press
and freedom of association.
2. A
large number of political associations (members were middle-class
professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans) came together in the city
of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly.
3. On
18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched & take their places in the
Frankfurt parliament.
4. They
drafted a constitution for a German nation
5. A
large numbers of women participated actively in liberal movement.
6. Women
had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part
in political meetings and demonstrations (पर्दर्शन).
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The
Making of Germany and Italy
Germany
– Can the Army be the Architect of a Nation?
1. After
1848, nationalism in Europe moved away (हटाना) and Germany and Italy came to be unified
(एक में मिला हुआ or एकीकृत) as nation-states.
3. Its
chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process carried
out (अंजाम देना) with the help of the Prussian army and
bureaucracy.
4. Three
wars over seven years – with Austria, Denmark and France – fought & won by
Prussian and completed the process of unification.
5. In
January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed (घोषित करना) German Emperor (सम्राट)
6. William
I of Prussia proclaimed the new German Empire
7. The
new state emphasised on modernising the currency, banking, legal and judicial
systems in Germany.
Italy
Unified
1. During
the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states
2. Sardinia-Piedmont
was ruled by an Italian princely house.
4. In
the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini formed a secret society called Young Italy
5. The movement to unify the regions was led by Chief Minister Cavour.
6. In 1859, Sardinia-Piedmont defeated Austrian forces with the
help of Cavour.
7. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the
Two Sicilies with the help of the local farmers & succeeded to remove Spanish ruler..
8. In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was announced king of united
Italy.
The Strange Case of Britain
2.
The
nation became powerful as it continuously grew in wealth, importance and power.
3.
The
Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of
the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’.
4.
In
1801, Ireland was forcely merged into the United Kingdom.
5. A
new ‘British nation’ was formed through the propagation (प्रचार) of a dominant English culture.
6.
The
symbols of the New Britain – the British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem
(God Save Our Noble King), the English language – were actively promoted.
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