Tracing changes through a thousand years with notes (हिंदी में) || Class 7 Chapter 1 History ||
Tracing changes through a thousand years with notes (हिंदी में) || Class 7 Chapter 1 History ||
https://youtu.be/UOLptYoY3bc
Class 7 History Chapter 1 Notes
TRACING CHANGES THROUGH A THOUSAND YEARS
1.
Map 1 was made in 1154 CE by the
Arab geographer Al-Idrisi.
2. This
section tells about Indian subcontinent from his larger map of the world.
3. In
this map, south India is where we would expect to find north India and Sri
Lanka is the island at the top.
4. Place-names
are marked in Arabic, and there are some well-known names like Kanauj (or
Qanauj) in Uttar Pradesh.
6. It
was made nearly 600 years after Map 1 and had changed a lot.
8. This
map was used by European sailors (नौकाचालक) and merchants (व्यापारी)
on their voyages (समुद्रयात्रा).
9.
The two maps are quite different
even though they are of the same area.
New and Old Terminologies
1.
Historical records exist in a
variety (अनेक प्रकार) of languages which have changed with
the years.
3. The
difference is not just with regard to grammar and vocabulary; the meanings of
words also change over time.
4. Take
the term “Hindustan”, e.g. today we call it as “India”.
5. In
13th century, Minhaj-i-Siraj used the term ‘Hindustan’, he meant
that the areas of Punjab, Haryana and the lands between the Ganga and Yamuna
& were a part of the Delhi Sultan.
6.
In the 14th century poet
Amir Khusrau used the word “Hind”.
Historians and their Sources
1.
Historians use different types of
sources to learn about the past depending upon the period of their study and
the nature of their investigation.
2. They
still depend on coins, inscriptions, architecture and textual records for information.
3.
During
this period textual records increased dramatically (प्रभावशाली तरीके से), cheaper
& widely available
5. These
manuscripts and documents provide a lot of detailed information to historians
but they are also difficult to use.
7. As
scribes copied manuscripts, they also introduced small changes – a word here, a
sentence there.
8. These
small differences (changes) grew over centuries & different from one
another.
9. This
is a serious problem because we rarely find the original manuscript of the
author today.
10.
Different kinds of handwriting like the nastaliq style are cursive (smooth) and easy to read, the shikaste is denser and more difficult.
11. Chronicler
Ziyauddin Barani wrote his first chronicle (वृत्तांत or तिथि-ग्रंथ) in 1356 and another version two
years later.
12. The
two differ from each other but historians found the existence of the first
version 1971.
13.
It remained lost in large library
collections.
New Social and Political Groups
1.
In this period new technologies made
their appearance – like the Persian wheel in irrigation (सिंचाई), the spinning (कताई) wheel in weaving, and firearms (तोप) in combat (युद्ध).
2. New
foods and beverages (पीने की वस्तु) arrived in the subcontinent –
potatoes, corn (मकई), chillies (लालमिर्च), tea and coffee.
3. Remember
that all these innovations – new technologies and crops – came along with
people, who brought other ideas with them as well.
4. As
a result, this was a period of economic, political, social and cultural
changes.
5. Groups
of people travelled long distances in search of opportunity.
6. One
group of people who became important in this period was the Rajputs, a name
derived from “Rajaputra”, the son of a ruler.
7. Other
groups of people such as the Marathas, Sikhs, Jats, Ahoms and Kayasthas (a
caste of scribes (लिखनेवाला) and secretaries) also used the
opportunities of the age to become politically important.
8. Throughout
this period there was a gradual clearing of forests and the extension (विस्तार) of agriculture.
11. Due
to this, economic and social differences emerged based on jatis/sub-caste,
occupation & background.
12. The
status of the same jati
could vary from area to area.
13. Jatis framed their own rules
and regulations to manage the conduct of their members.
14. These
regulations were enforced (लागू करना) by an assembly of elders, described
in some areas as the jati
panchayat.
Region and Empire
1.
Large states like those of the
Cholas, Tughluqs or Mughals covered many regions.
2. In
the praising (प्रशंसा करना) of Delhi Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban
(1266-1287) explained that he was the ruler of a vast empire (साम्राज्य) that extended from Bengal (Gauda)
in the east to Ghazni (Gajjana) in Afghanistan in the west and included all of
south India (Dravida).
3. By
AD 700 many regions already decided different geographical dimensions and their
own language and cultural characteristics.
4. Sometimes,
dynasties like the Cholas, Khaljis, Tughluqs and Mughals were able to build an
empire that was pan-regional – spanning diverse regions.
5. Not
all these empires were equally stable or successful.
6.
Through the thousand years between
700 and 1750 the character of the different regions did not grow in isolation (एकांत).
Old and New Religions
1.
We can see major changes in the
developments in religious traditions.
2. The
important changes occurred in what we call Hinduism today.
3. These
included the worship (पूजा करना) of new deities (ईश्वर), the construction of temples and
the growing importance of Brahmanas, the priests, as dominant (प्रधान) groups in society.
4. Their
knowledge of Sanskrit texts earned the Brahmanas a lot of respect in society.
5. This
was also the period when new religions appeared in the subcontinent.
6.
Merchants and migrants first brought
the teachings of the holy (पवित्र) Quran to India in the 7th century.
7. Muslims
consider the Quran
as their holy book and accept the sovereignty (प्रधानता) of the one God, Allah.
8. There
were the Shia Muslims who believed that the Prophet (पैगम्बर) Muhammad’s son-in-law, Ali, was the
legitimate (सच्चा) leader of the Muslim community.
9.
Other was the Sunni Muslims who
accepted the authority of the early leaders (Khalifas) of the community.
Nice video and notes sir
ReplyDeleteU are really awesome sir.....sabi concept clear ho gye
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