Class
– 10th Chapter 3
Water
1. Approximately,
71 % of the earth’s surface is covered with water.
2. Only
3 % (70% - Glaciers & ice caps (Antarctica, Greenland and
the mountainous regions) and 30% - ground water) of the
total available water is a freshwater.
3. A
very small proportion of freshwater is effectively available for human use.
4. India receives only 4% of world’s
precipitation (Rainfall)
5. By
2025, it is predicted that large parts of India will join countries or regions
having absolute water scarcity (कमी).
WATER SCARCITY AND THE NEED FOR WATER CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT
1. When
we speak of water shortages, we think about having low rainfall
area or drought (सूखा) prone areas, deserts of Rajasthan (where women collecting &
storing water with ‘matkas’)
2. So
the availability of water resources varies over space and time and depends in
seasonal and annual precipitation
3. Water
scarcity (कमी) – Increasing population, Increasing
business activities, over-exploitation (उपयोग), excessive (हद से ज़्यादा) use and unequal access to water among
different social groups
4. A
large population requires more water not only for domestic use but also to
produce more food.
5. For
higher food-grain production, water resources are being over-exploited to
expand (फैलाना) irrigated areas for dry-season
agriculture.
6. Many
farmers have wells and tube-wells in their farms
for irrigation to increase their produce due to this, falling groundwater
levels, adversely (विरुद्ध) affecting water availability and
food security
7. Many
MNCs (Multinational Corporations) are also responsible for contaminating (दूषित करना) the fresh water.
8. They
require more power to run them
9. Much
of this energy comes from hydroelectric power which contributes approximately
22 % of the total electricity produced.
10. Increasing
urban centres & dense populations are also responsible for
the water scarcity.
11. Most
of these housing societies or colonies have their own groundwater pumping
devices to meet their water needs.
12. Much
of fresh water is polluted by domestic and industrial wastes, chemicals,
pesticides (कीटनाशक) and fertilisers (खाद) used in agriculture, thus, making
it dangerous (खतरनाक) for human use.
MULTI- PURPOSE RIVER PROJECTS AND INTEGRATED WATER
RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
1. In ancient times, constructing sophisticated hydraulic structures
like dams built of stone rubble, reservoirs (कुण्ड) or lakes, embankments (बांध) and canals for irrigation.
2. We have continued this tradition in modern India by building dams in
most of our river basins.
Hydraulic Structures in Ancient India
1.
In the first century B.C., Sringaverapura near
Allahabad had sophisticated water harvesting system channelling the flood water
of the river Ganga.
2.
During the time of Chandragupta Maurya, dams,
lakes and irrigation systems were extensively built.
3.
Evidences of sophisticated irrigation works
have also been found in Kalinga, (Odisha), Nagarjunakonda (Andhra Pradesh),
Bennur (Karnataka), Kolhapur (Maharashtra), etc.
4.
In the 11th Century, Bhopal Lake, one of the
largest artificial lakes of its time was built.
5.
In the 14th Century, the tank in Hauz Khas,
Delhi was constructed by Iltutmish for supplying water to Siri Fort area.
Dams
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