Constitutional Design with notes (हिंदी में) || Class 9 Chapter 3 Political Science ||
Chapter - 3
CONSTITUTIONAL DESIGN
DEMOCRATIC CONSTITUTION IN SOUTH AFRICA
1. Nelson
Mandela was sued (मुक़दमा चलाना) for treason (देशद्रोह) by the white South African government
2. He
and seven other leaders were sentenced (सज़ा देना) to life imprisonment (कैद)
in 1964 for opposing (विरोध करना)
the apartheid (रंगभेद)
regime (शासन)
in his country.
Struggle against
apartheid
3. During
the 17th and 18th centuries, the trading companies from
Europe occupied it with arms (हथियार)
and force, as they occupied India.
4. But
a large number of ‘whites’ had settled in South Africa and became the local
rulers
5. The
system of apartheid divided the people according to skin colour.
7. They
made up about 3/4th of the population and were called ‘blacks’.
8. There
were 3rd group of people of mixed races (जाति)
who were called ‘coloured’ and people who migrated (एक जगह छोड़कर दूसरे को जाना)
from India.
10. The
non-whites did not have voting rights.
11. Blacks
were not allowed to live in white areas.
12. They
could work in white areas only if they had permission.
13. Trains,
buses, taxis, hotels, hospitals, schools and colleges, libraries, cinema halls,
theatres, beaches, swimming pools, public toilets, were all separate (अलग)
for the whites and blacks.
15. Blacks
and whites had separate churches.
16. Blacks
could not form associations (संघ)
or protest (विरोध करना)
against the terrible (ख़ौफ़नाक) treatment.
17. Those
who protested were killed or sent to jail.
18. Since
1950, the blacks coloured and Indians fought against the apartheid system.
19. The
African National Congress (ANC) led the struggle against the policies of
segregation.
20. This
included many workers’ unions and the Communist Party.
21. Many
whites also joined the ANC to oppose (विरोध करना)
apartheid and played a leading role in this struggle.
23. But
the white racist (जातिवादी) government continued to rule by torturing and killing
thousands of black and coloured people.
Towards a new
constitution
1. As
protests and struggles against apartheid had increased, the government realised
that they could no longer keep the blacks under their control.
4. Ban
on political parties and restrictions on the media were removed.
6. Finally,
at the midnight of 26 April 1994, the new national flag of the Republic of
South Africa was hoisted (फैलाना).
7. New
democratic country was born in the world.
8. Black
leaders appealed (अनुरोध करना)
to blacks to forgive (माफ करना)
the whites for their bad behaviors.
9. Also
said let us build a new South Africa based on equality of all races (जाति)
and men and women, on democratic values, social justice and human rights.
11. After
two years of discussion and debate (बहस करना)
they made the finest constitutions of the world
12. This
constitution gave to its citizens the most extensive rights available in any
country.
13. The
preamble to the South African Constitution shows this spirit (उत्साह बढ़ाना)
in a beautiful way.
WHY DO WE NEED A CONSTITUTION?
1.
The South African example is a good way to
understand why we need a constitution.
2.
It was not easy for them to trust each other.
4.
The black majority wanted to ensure that the
democratic principle (सिद्धांत) of majority rule was not compromised
(समझौता करना).
8.
The whites agreed to the principle of majority
rule and that of one person one vote.
9.
They also agreed to accept some basic rights
for the poor and the workers.
11.
This compromise was not easy.
12.
To build trust, one way was to write down all
these rules how the rulers are to be chosen in future and what power have the
elected governments and which task they will do.
13.
They also agreed that these rules will be
supreme, that no government will be able to ignore these.
14.
This set of basic rules is called a
constitution.
15.
This applies to all governments, any
association (सभा), club in
any area, a cooperative society or a political party.
16.
Constitution is the supreme law that
determines the relationship among people living in a territory (called
citizens) and also the relationship between the people and government.
17.
A constitution does many things:
·
First, it generates a degree of trust and
coordination (तालमेल) among the
people to live together;
·
Second, it specifies (स्पष्ट रूप से बताना) how the
government will be constituted and their powers to take decisions;
·
Third, it lays down limits on the powers of
the government and tells us what the rights of the citizens are; and
1. The
making of the constitution for a huge (विशाल)
and diverse (विभिन्न)
country like India was not an easy task.
2. The
country was born through a partition (बंटवारा) on the basis of religious (धार्मिक)
differences.
4. Atleast
10 lakh people were killed on both sides of the border in partition related
violence (हिंसा).
5. There
was another problem.
6. The
British had given the power to the princely states to decide whether they
wanted to merge (मिलना)
with India or with Pakistan or remain independent.
7. The
merger of these princely states was a difficult task.
8. Constitution
makers were feared that will the Indians accept this constitution or not but
they accepted it.
The path to Constitution
1. Indian
constitution makers already know which type of constitution Indians wanted.
2. In
1928, Motilal Nehru and 8 other Congress leaders and in 1931, the resolution at
the Karachi of the INC session drafted (लिखना)
a constitution for India with all basic rights including of universal adult
franchise, right to freedom and equality and to protecting the rights of
minorities.
3. The
British rule had given voting rights only to a few Indians and they gained
experience working under legislative (विधान-संबंधी)
institutions of Britishers & it helped while forming Indian constitution.
4. That
is why the Indian constitution adopted many institutional details and
procedures from colonial laws like the Government of India Act, 1935.
5. Our
constitution adopted many good policies and laws from other countries
6. At
each step they were questioning whether these things suited our country.
7. All
these factors contributed to the making of our Constitution.
The Constituent Assembly
1. The
drafting of the document called the constitution was done by an assembly of
elected representatives called the Constituent Assembly.
2. Elections
to the Constituent Assembly were held in July 1946.
3. Its
first meeting was held in 9 December 1946.
4. Soon
after, the country was divided into India and Pakistan.
5. The
Constituent Assembly was also divided into the Constituent Assembly of India
and that of Pakistan.
6. The
Constituent Assembly that wrote the Indian constitution had 299 members.
7. The
Assembly adopted the Constitution on 26 November 1949 but it came into effect
on 26 January 1950.
8. So,
we celebrate January 26 as Republic Day every year.
9. Why
should we accept the Constitution made by this Assembly more than 50 years ago?
10. Many
countries of the world have had to rewrite their Constitution after short
period because the basic rules were not accepted to all major social groups or
political parties.
11. In
some other countries, the Constitution exists as a only piece of paper.
12. The
experience of our Constitution is different.
13. First,
Indian constitution made by different type of people who belongs to different
religion
14. The
second reason for accepting the Constitution is that the Constituent Assembly
represented the people of India.
15. It
provides equality to all the regions of the country.
16. The
Assembly was dominated (प्रमुख होना)
by the Indian National Congress who did lead India’s freedom struggle.
17. But
the Congress itself included a variety of political groups and opinions (ख़याल)
which are from different language groups, castes, classes and religions.
18. First
some basic principles were decided and agreed upon.
19. Then
a Drafting Committee chaired by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar prepared a draft constitution
for discussion.
20. More
than 200 amendments were considered.
22. Every
document presented and every word spoken in the Constituent Assembly has been
recorded and preserved.
23. These
are called ‘Constituent Assembly Debates’.
GUIDING VALUES OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
The Dream and the Promise
1. Some
of you may have noticed a name missing from the sketches of the makers of the
constitution: Mahatma Gandhi.
2. He
was not a member of the Constituent Assembly.
3. But
there were many members who followed his vision.
4. In
1931, in his magazine Young
India, he told what he wanted the Constitution to do:
5. Everyone
should give equal rights
8. Finally
let us turn to Jawaharlal Nehru giving his famous speech to the Constituent
Assembly at the midnight on August 15, 1947: tryst with destiny
Philosophy of the Constitution
1. All
values that inspired (प्रेरित करना)
and guided (राह दिखाना)
are embedded in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution.
2. The
Constitution begins with a short statement of its basic values.
3. This
is called the Preamble to the constitution.
4. Taking
inspiration from American model, most countries in the contemporary world have
chosen to begin their constitutions with a preamble.
5. The
Preamble of the Constitution reads like a poem on democracy.
6. It
provides a standard to examine (जांचना)
and evaluate (अंदाज़ लगाना)
any law and action of government, to find out whether it is good or bad.
People
have supreme right to make decisions on internal as well as external matters.
No external power can dictate (आदेश देना) the government of India.
Wealth
is generated socially and should be shared equally by society. Government
should regulate (नियंत्रण करना) the ownership of land and industry to reduce socio-economic
inequalities.
Citizens
have complete freedom to follow any religion (धर्म). But there is no official religion. Government treats all
religious beliefs and practices with equal respect.
A form
of government where people enjoy equal political rights, elect their rulers and
hold them accountable (जवाबदेह). The government is run according to some basic rules.
Citizens
cannot be discriminated (अंतर करना) on the grounds of caste, religion and gender. Social inequalities
have to be reduced. Government should work for the welfare (कल्याण) of all, especially of the disadvantaged groups.
There
are no unreasonable (अनुचित) restrictions (प्रतिबन्ध) on the citizens in what they think,
how they wish to express their thoughts and the way they wish to follow up
their thoughts in action.
All are
equal before the law. The traditional social inequalities have to be ended. The
government should ensure equal opportunity for all.
All of
us should behave as if we are members of the same family. No one should treat a
citizen as inferior (नीचा).
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