From Hunting–Gathering To Growing Food with notes (हिंदी में) | Class 6 Chapter 2 History |
Class
– 6 Chapter – 2
FROM
HUNTING–GATHERING TO GROWING FOOD
The
earliest people: why were they on the move?
2. Generally,
they hunted wild (जंगली) animals, caught fish and birds, gathered fruits, roots, nuts (अखरोट), seeds, leaves and eggs.
3. They
moved in group from place to place because it is safer rather to go alone.
4. A
group generally consists (बना होना) of a few men, women & children
who stayed (रहना) with the elders.
5. There
are many reasons for this.
6. First,
if they had stayed at one place for a long time, they would have eaten up all
the available plant and animal resources.
8. Second,
animals move from place to place in search of prey (शिकार), grass and leaves. So that hunters had to follow their
movements.
9.
Third,
plants and trees bear fruit in different seasons. So that people may have moved
from season to season in search of different kinds of plants.
11. Water is found in lakes, streams and rivers
so they live around it.
How
do we know about these people?
1.
We come to know a lot about the
earliest human beings from their evidence (सबूत) in the form of stone tools, weapons (हथियार).
2. Human
beings defended (बचाना) themselves from wild animals using stone attaching them to
handles of bones or wood & by making weapons in the form of spears (भाला) or arrows (तीर).
3. The
stones were used to hunt animals
Finding
out about fire
2. It
suggests that people were familiar with the use of fire.
3. They
saw natural fires such as forest fires but they did not know how to light a
fire on their own.
4. Perhaps
(शायद), two stone were rubbed together producing sparks (चिंगारी) & the sparks fell on some dry
leaves
5.
Fire was used in many things like as
a source of light, to roast meat (भुना हुआ मांस),
and to scare away (भगाना) animals.
Names
and dates
1.
Archaeologists call
the earliest period the Palaeolithic.
2. It derived from two Greek words, ‘palaeo’, meaning old, and ‘lithos’,
meaning stone.
3. The Palaeolithic period extends from 2 million years ago to
about 12,000 years ago.
4. This period is divided into the Lower, Middle and Upper
Palaeolithic.
5. The period when we find environmental changes, beginning about
12,000 years ago to 10,000 years ago is called the Mesolithic (middle stone).
6. Stone tools found during this period are generally tiny, and are
called microliths.
7.
The next stage,
from about 10,000 years ago, is known as the Neolithic.
A changing environment
1.
Around 12,000 years
ago, there were major changes in the climate.
2. It became warm from cold.
3. In many areas, this led to the development of grasslands.
4. Due to this, increase in the number of deer, goat, sheep and
cattle, i.e. animals that survived on grass.
5. Hunters of these animals also followed them.
8.
Fishing also became
important.
Beginning of farming
1.
Agriculture was the
greatest discovery of the Neolithic age.
2. During this period early humans learnt the technique of sowing
seeds (बीजों की बुआई), growing plants & finally harvesting (फसल कटाई) them.
4. In the beginning it grew naturally in different parts of the
subcontinent.
5. Men, women and children probably collected these grains as food,
and learnt where they grew, and when they ripened (पकना).
6. This may have led them to think about growing plants on their
own.
7.
In this way people
became farmers.
Domestication of Animals
3. Later, other animals like goats & sheep were also
domesticated.
4. As a result, there was a continuous supply of milk & related
products and also of meat.
5. Fishing and hunting also began.
6.
Some animals were
used in agriculture and transportation.
A new way of life
1.
As you know that
plants takes some time to grow.
2. This may be for several days, weeks, months and in some cases
years.
3. When people began growing plants, it meant that they had to stay
(रहना) in the same place
for a long time looking after the plants, watering, weeding (जंगली घास), driving away (भगाना) animals and birds — till the grain
ripened (पकना).
4. And then, the grain had to be used carefully.
5.
Then grain had to
be stored in many areas like large clay pots, or wove baskets, or dug pits (गड्ढा) into the ground.
Finding out about the first farmers and herders
1.
Some of the most
important sites are in the north-west, in present-day Kashmir, and in east and
south India.
Towards a settled life
1.
Archaeologists have
found traces (अवशेष) of huts or houses at some sites in
Burzahom (in present-day Kashmir).
3.
These may be for
protection from cold weather.
Neolithic Tools
1.
Mortars and pestles
were two very important neolithic tools.
3. It is well polished with a fine cutting edge.
4.
This tools have
been found in Burzahom (Kashmir) and Maski, Brahmagiri, Nasirpur and Hallur
(Karnataka)
Pottery
1.
Many kinds of
earthen pots were used by the Neolithic people.
2. They were plain, different in colour and had decorations on
them.
3.
It was used for
cooking food.
A closer look — Living and dying in Mehrgarh
2. It provided evidences of the earliest agricultural &
pastoral (चारागाही) communities in South Asia.
3. Bones of wild animals such as the deer and pig, and also bones
of sheep and goat were found here.
4. Other finds at Mehrgarh include remains of square or rectangular
houses.
7.
In one site, the dead
person was buried with goats.
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