From Trade to Territory with notes || Class 8 Chapter 2 History ||
Chapter - 2 Class - 8
From Trade to
Territory
1. Charter (अधिकारपत्र)
– Grant of rights and privileges to a company or group of people, always in
written form
2.
Custom
duty – tax charged on the import of foreign goods
3.
Export
– To sell goods to foreign countries
4.
Import
– To buy goods from foreign countries
6.
Mufti
– Jurist (न्यायज्ञ) of Muslim
community responsible for explaining the law that the Qazi (Judge) would
administer
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Introduction
1. Aurangzeb was the last of the
powerful Mughal rulers.
2.
After
his death in 1707, many Mughal governors (subadars) and big zamindars began asserting
(अधिकार जताना)
their authority.
3.
They
established many regional kingdoms in different parts of India.
4.
The
power of Delhi declined continuously.
6.
He
was arrested by the Captain Hodson
7.
By
the second half of the 18th century, a new power emerged on the
political horizon i.e. the British.
8. Did you know that the British
originally came as a small trading company and were against to acquire
territories?
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English India Company Comes East
1.
On 31
Dec 1600, Queen Elizabeth I issued charter granting East India Company the
monopoly to trade in the East for 15 years.
2. This meant that no other trading group in
England could compete (मुक़ाबला करना) with the East India Company.
3. It was a private company run by board of
directors.
4. Portuguese (Vasco da Gama) were the first
to arrive in India in May 1498 (through the Cape of Good Hope, and crossed the
Indian Ocean) at Calicut and welcomed by the Hindu ruler of Calicut, the
Zamorin.
5. By the early 17th century, the
Dutch and the French traders also arrived.
6. Mughal emperor Jahangir granted the
permission to set up factories in his territories.
7. The East India Company established
factories at two places – Surat (Gujarat) on the west coast and Hugli (west
Bengal) in the east.
8.
The
main purpose of them to trade like fine qualities of cotton, silk, pepper (काली मिर्च), indigo (नील), cloves (लौंग), cardamom (इलायची) and cinnamon (दालचीनी) were in great demand.
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French
East India Company
1.
FEIC set up settlements at
chandannagar (Bengal), Mahe (Kerala), Karaikal and Puducherry and Mauritius in
the Indian Ocean in 1664.
2. It
was government-controlled company
3.
Major role in the expansion in India
played by Dupleix (Governor general at Puducherry)
East
India Company begins trade in Bengal
1.
The
first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651.
2. The Company’s traders called factors.
3. In 1698, they bribed (रिशवत देना) Mughal officials to give zamindari rights
over three villages i.e. Kalikata (Calcutta or Kolkata), Gobindapur &
Sutanuti.
4. They also convinced the Mughal emperor
Aurangzeb to issue a Farman granting the Company the right to trade duty free
in return for an annual payment.
5. After Aurangzeb’s death, the Mughal Empire
became weak and the company intensified (तीव्र करना) its operations in Bengal.
6. In 1717, they got the right to import and
export goods without paying the custom duty from Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar.
7. Company’s employees misused the rights and
carried on illegal private trade for which did not pay trade duties.
How trade led to
battles
1.
Through
the early 18th century, the conflict (झगड़ा) between the Company and the nawabs of Bengal increased.
2. After
Murshid Quli Khan, Ali vardi Khan and then Sirajuddaulah became ruler of Bengal
& were stronger ruler.
3. Nawabs laid down (निर्धारित करना) certain conditions which the company had
to obey or lose its rights
4. These conditions are –
·
The
officials of the company who were engaged in private trade shall pay custom
duty.
5. They refused to pay taxes, writing
disrespectful (असभ्य) letters, and trying to humiliate (नीचा दिखाना) the Nawab and his officials.
6. The Company on its part declared that the
unjust (अनुचित) demands of the local officials were ruining (बर्बाद करना) the trade of the Company.
8. It was also convinced that to expand trade
it had to spread (फैलाना) its settlements, buy up villages, and rebuild its forts.
9. Soon, Sirajuddaulah captured (बंदी बनाना) English factory at kasimbazar and
company’s fort at Calcutta.
10.
The
conflicts led to confrontations (आमना-सामना) and finally converted in the famous
Battle of Plassey
The Battle of
Plassey
1.
When
Alivardi Khan died in 1756, Sirajuddaulah became the nawab of Bengal.
2. The Company was worried about his power and
wanted a puppet (कठपुतली) ruler who would grant them more privileges (विशेष अधिकार).
3. Sirajuddaulah asked the Company to stop interfering
in the political affairs of his dominion (रियासत), stop fortification, and pay the revenues.
4. After negotiations (समझौता) failed, the Nawab marched with 30,000 soldiers to the English factory
at Kassimbazar, captured the Company officials, locked the warehouse (गोदाम), disarmed (हथियार छीन लेना) all
Englishmen, and blockaded (घेराबंदी) English ships.
5. Then he marched to Calcutta to establish their
control over the Company’s fort.
6. On 23 June 1757, Robert Clive led the
Company’s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey.
7. One of the main reasons for the defeat (हार) of the Nawab was that the forces led by
Mir Jafar (commander of Sirajuddaulah’s) never fought the battle (युद्ध).
8. Clive promised him to make nawab after the
death of Sirajuddaulah.
9. The Battle of Plassey became famous because
it was the first major victory the Company won in India.
10.
After
the defeat at Plassey, Sirajuddaulah was assassinated (हत्या करना) and Mir Jafar made the nawab.
Bengal
after Plassey
2. Britishers continuously demanded money and
privileges.
3. Mir Jafar failed to meet the company’s
heavy monetary demands & he was overthrown (तख्ता पलट देना).
4. In 1760, the company made his son-in-law,
Mir Qasim, the nawab of Bengal
6. He dismissed court officials who favored
the British & abolished all duties on internal trade so that both Indian
& British merchants could trade on equal terms.
7.
Mir
Qasim also placed limits on the trade privileges of the company.
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Battle of Buxar
(1764)
2. Mir Qasim was defeated (हरा देना) in a battle & Mir Jafar was
reinstalled as the Nawab of Bengal.
3. The Nawab had to pay Rs 500,000 every month
but the Company wanted more money to finance its wars, and meet the demands of
trade and its other expenses.
4. It wanted more territories and more
revenue.
5. Mir Qasim fled (भाग जाना) to Awadh and entered into an alliance (संधि) with the Nawab of Awadh, Shuja-ud-daulah & Mughal emperor, Shah
Alam II.
6. Their combined forces fought with the
British army at Buxar on 22 October 1764, but they were defeated.
7.
With
this victory, the company became the real master of Bengal.
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Major Consequences
of the Battle of Buxar
1.
In
1765, the Treaty of Allahabad was signed between Shuja-ud-daulah, Shah Alam II
and Clive
2. The English EIC got Diwani of Bengal from
the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II
3. Now they could collect revenue from Bengal,
Bihar and Orissa.
4. In return, the emperor would receive an
annual tribute of 26 lakh rupees and 2 districts in UP and would be under the protection
of British.
6. The company restored his kingdom &
promised to help in case of attack on his territory.
7. Robert Clive introduced dual government in
Bengal (till 1772).
8. Under this system, the Nawab had all
responsibilities but no power or resources to run the administration &
company had all power but no responsibilities.
9. In 1772, Warren Hasting (1772-1785) became
the new governor general of Bengal.
10.
He
ended the dual system of government & Bengal came under direct control of
the English EIC.
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Company officials
become “nabobs”
1.
After
the Battle of Plassey, the actual nawabs of Bengal were forced to give land and
vast sums of money as personal gifts to Company officials.
2. Robert Clive had come to Madras (now
Chennai) from England in 1743 at the age of 18.
3. When in 1767 he left India, he had
£401,102.
4. He was appointed Governor of Bengal in 1764
& asked to remove corruption in Company administration but he was himself involved
in it & had to give answer in the British Parliament.
5. Later he committed suicide in 1774.
7.
They
were called “nabobs” – an anglicised version of the Indian word nawab.
Company Rule Expands
1.
In a
few cases, direct military attack done by Company on an unknown territory.
2. Mostly he used a variety of political,
economic and diplomatic (कूट-नीतिक) methods to extend its influence (प्रभाव) before annexing (हड़प लेना) an Indian kingdom.
3. After the Battle of Buxar (1764), the
Company appointed Residents in Indian states.
4. They were political or commercial agents
and their job was to serve in the interests of the Company.
5. Through the Residents, the Company
officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian states.
6. They tried to decide who was to be the
successor (उत्तराधिकारी) to the throne (राज-गद्दी), and who was to be appointed in administrative
posts.
7. Sometimes the Company forced the states
into a “subsidiary alliance”.
8. According to this alliance, Indian rulers
were not allowed to have their independent armed forces.
9. They were to be protected by the Company,
but had to pay for it.
10. If the Indian rulers failed to make the
payment, then part of their territory was taken away as penalty (जुर्माना).
11.
E.g.
Awadh & Hyderabad territory included into the Company as he failed to pay
for the “subsidiary forces”.
Tipu Sultan – The
“Tiger of Mysore”
1.
Mysore emerged
as a powerful state under the leadership of Haidar Ali (1761 to 1782) and his
son Tipu Sultan (1782 to 1799).
2.
Mysore
controlled the profitable trade of the Malabar coast.
3.
In 1785
Tipu Sultan stopped the export of sandalwood (चंदन की लकड़ी), pepper (काली मिर्च) and cardamom (इलायची) through the ports of his kingdom, and
disallowed local merchants from trading with the Company.
4.
He
established a close relationship with the French in India, and modernised his
army with their help.
5.
The
British were very angry.
6.
They saw
Haidar and Tipu as arrogant (घमंडी) and dangerous rulers who had to be controlled and crushed (अधीन करना).
7.
Four wars
were fought with Mysore (1767-69, 1780-84, 1790-92 and 1799).
8.
In the third
Anglo-Mysore war, British led by Lord Cornwallis & supported by the Nizam
and Marathas, defeated Tipu.
9.
He had to
pay huge fine, a part of his kingdom while two of his sons were taken hostage (बन्धक) by the British.
10.
He should
be accepted the subsidiary alliance but he rejected his proposal which led to
the fourth Anglo-Mysore War.
11.
Tipu
Sultan was killed in 1799 defending his capital Seringapatam and a subsidiary
alliance was imposed (थोपना) on the state.
War with the
Marathas
1.
After the defeat in the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761, the Marathas became
weak.
2.
They were
divided into many states under different chiefs (sardars) belonging to
dynasties such as Sindhia, Holkar, Gaikwad and Bhonsle.
3.
These
chiefs were members under a Peshwa (Principal Minister).
4.
After the
1770s, the power struggle among the Maratha chiefs increased.
5.
British
took advantage of their disunity & interfered in their internal affairs.
6.
This led
to the three Anglo-Maratha War between 1775 and 1818.
First
Anglo-Maratha War (1775-1782)
1.
This war broke out on the issue of succession
(उत्तराधिकार)
to the throne (राज-गद्दी)
of the peshwa.
2.
The clash involved Madhav Rao II, supported
by the Maratha chiefs under the leadership of Nana Phadnis on the one side, and
Raghunath Rao supported by the British on the other side.
3.
The united Maratha chiefs defeated the
British forces.
6.
The British recognized Madhav Rao II as the
Peshwa.
Second Anglo-Maratha War
(1803-1805)
1.
British under Lord Wellesley tried to impose
a subsidiary alliance on the sindhias & Bhonsles.
3.
Marathas were defeated & had to accept
the subsidiary alliance & territory of the Ahmednagar & Broach.
Third Anglo-Maratha War
(1817-1819)
1. Peshwa
Baji Rao II tried to unite the Maratha chiefs against the British.
2.
Maratha forces lost.
4. All
his kingdoms & territories were annexed (हड़प लेना) by the British
& not allowed to maintain an army.
1.
Lord
Hastings (from 1813 to 1823) became the Governor General & started a new
policy of paramountcy.
2.
Now the
Company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme, means its power
was greater than that of Indian states.
4.
However,
the revolt (बगावत) of Rani
Chennamma of kittur, who took to arms (हथियार) when the
British tried to annex her state, showed the non-acceptance of the policy.
Afghanistan and Sind
1. In
1830s, the British started interfering in Afghanistan’s internal affairs as
they thought Russia might attack in India through Afghanistan.
2.
This insecurity resulted into
Anglo-Afghan wars between 1838 and 1842.
3. The
British failed to established direct control over Afghanistan but they annexed
Sind in 1843.
Punjab
3. In
1839, Maharaja Ranjit Singh died.
4. After
his death, British began to interfere in the affairs of Punjab.
5. This
led to two Anglo-Sikh wars (1845-49) & the Sikhs were defeated.
6.
The British under Lord Dalhousie
annexed Punjab in 1849.
Doctrine of Lapse
1.
Like the policy of Subsidiary
alliance, Doctrine of Lapse was introduced by Lord Dalhousie to annex the
Indian states.
2. According
to it, a dependent state would pass into British hands, if the ruler died
without a natural male heir (वारिस).
3. It
did not recognize the right of adopted children to inherit (अधिकार पाना) the throne (राज-गद्दी).
4.
Sambalpur (1850), Udaipur (1852),
Nagpur (1853), & Jhansi (1854) were all annexed under this policy.
Annexation of Awadh
1.
In 1856, Awadh was annexed by Lord
Dalhousie due to misgovernance.
2. The
ruler of Awadh, Wajid Ali Shah, was deposed (हटा देना) & this
enraged (क्रोधित करना) the people of
Awadh.
3.
They joined the great revolt of
1857.
Administrative Structure
1.
British
territories were divided into administrative units called Presidencies.
2.
There
were three Presidencies: Bengal (Kolkata), Madras (Chennai) and Bombay
(Mumbai).
3.
Each was
ruled by a Governor (Supreme head).
4.
Warren
Hastings became the first Governor-General & introduced several
administrative reforms (सुधार) about justice.
5. Each district was to have two courts – a
criminal court (faujdari Adalat) and a civil court (diwani Adalat).
The Company army
1.
The British required a large army to defend
(बचाना) its trade, territories & put
down internal rebellion (विद्रोह).
2. The
British army included European soldiers and Indian sepoys (Hindi word sipahi,
meaning soldiers)
4.
They were trained to use muskets (बन्दूक) (A heavy gun
used by infantry soldiers) and matchlocks (तोड़ेदार बन्दूक) (early type of gun in which the powder was ignited [जलना] by a match).
Conclusion
1.
East
India Company was transformed from a trading company to a territorial colonial
power.
2.
The
arrival of new steam technology in the early 19th century also
helped in this process.
3.
By 1857
the Company came to exercise direct rule over about 63 % of the territory and
78 % of the population of the Indian subcontinent.
4.
Indirect
control on the remaining territory and population of the country.
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