Nationalism in India with Notes || Class 10 Chapter 2 History ||
Class – 10, Chapter - 2
Nationalism in India
The First World
War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation
1. After
1919, we see the national movement (आन्दोलन) spreading to new areas, including new
social groups, and developing new modes of struggle.
2. First
of all, the world war created a new economic and political situation.
3. It
led to a huge increase in defence expenditure (खर्च) which was financed by war loans and
increasing taxes: customs duties were increased and income tax introduced.
4. During
the war years prices increased very rapidly between 1913 and 1918 which created
difficulties for the common people.
5. Villages
were called upon (बुलाना) to supply soldiers, and the forced
recruitment (नये सिपाहियों की भर्ती) in rural areas caused
widespread anger (ग़ुस्सा).
6. Then
in 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops (फसल) failed in many parts of India, resulting
in shortages (कमी) of food.
8. According
to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million people dead due to famines (भुखमरी) and the epidemic (महामारी)
9. People
hoped that their difficulties would end after the war was over.
10. But
that did not happen.
11. At
this stage a new leader appeared and suggested a new mode of struggle.
The Idea of
Satyagraha
1. Mahatma
Gandhi returned to India in January 1915.
2. He
had come from South Africa where he had successfully fought the
racist (जातिवादी) regime (शासन) with a novel (अनोखा)method of mass (जनसमूदाय) agitation (आंदोलन), which he called Satyagraha.
3. The
idea of Satyagraha emphasised (जोर देना) the power of truth and the need to
search for truth.
4. It
suggested that if the cause (कार्य) was true, if the struggle was against
injustice (अन्याय), then physical force was not necessary
to fight the oppressor (उत्पीड़क).
5. Mahatma
Gandhi believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite
all Indians.
6. After
arriving in India, Mahatma Gandhi successfully organised Satyagraha movements
in various places.
7. In
1917 he travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants (किसान) to struggle against the oppressive (अत्याचारी)
plantation system.
8. Then
in 1917, he supported the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat by
Satyagraha movements.
9. Affected
by crop failure and a plague (विपत्ति) epidemic, the peasants of Kheda could
not pay the revenue, and were demanding that revenue collection be
relaxed.
10. In
1918, Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organise a Satyagraha movement
amongst cotton mill workers.
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1. Gandhiji
in 1919 decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt
Act (1919).
2. This
Act had been hurriedly (जल्दी से) passed through the Imperial Legislative
Council despite (के बावजूद) the united opposition (विरोध) of the Indian members.
3. It
gave the government enormous (बहुत अधिक) powers to repress (दबाना) political activities, and allowed detention
(कैद) of political prisoners (क़ैदी) without doing anything for two years.
4. Mahatma
Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience (अवज्ञा) against such unjust laws, which would
start with a protest on 6 April.
5. Rallies
were organised in various cities, workers went on strike in railway workshops,
and shops closed down.
7. Local
leaders were picked up from Amritsar, and Mahatma Gandhi was denied from
entering Delhi.
9. After
that people attacks on banks, post offices and railway stations.
10. Martial
law was imposed and General Dyer took command.
11. On
13 April the Jallianwala Bagh incident took place.
12. On
that day a large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh.
14. Others
had come to attend the annual Baisakhi fair.
15. Many
villagers (outside the city) were unaware of the martial law that had been
imposed.
16. Dyer
entered the area, blocked the exit points, and opened fire on the crowd,
killing hundreds.
17. As
the news of Jallianwalla Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets in many north
Indian towns.
18. There
were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings.
19. The
government responded (उत्तर देना) with brutal (निर्दय) repression (दबाव), satyagrahis were forced to rub their
noses on the ground, crawl (घिसटना) on the streets, and do salaam (salute)
to all sahibs; people were flogged (कोड़े मारना) and villages (Gujranwala in Punjab, now
in Pakistan) were bombed.
21. While
the Rowlatt Satyagraha was a huge movement, it was still limited (सीमित) mostly to cities and towns.
22. Mahatma
Gandhi now felt to launch a more broad-based movement in India but not possible
to bringing the Hindus and Muslims close together.
23. One
way of doing this, he felt, was to take up the Khilafat issue.
24. To
defend (बचाना) the Khalifa’s temporal powers, a
Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919.
25. Gandhiji
saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified
national movement.
26. At
the Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920, he convinced other
leaders of the need to start a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat
as well as for swaraj.
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Why Non-cooperation?
1. In
his famous book Hind Swaraj (1909)
Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was established in India with the
cooperation (सहयोग) of Indians, and had survived (जीवित रहना) only because of this cooperation.
2. If
Indians refused (इनकार करना) to cooperate, British rule in India
would collapse (समाप्त हो जाना) within a year, and swaraj would come.
3. It
should begin with the surrender (छोड़ देना) of titles that the government awarded,
and a boycott of civil services, army, police, courts
and legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods.
4. In
summer of 1920 Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat Ali toured in many parts to
mobilising (संघटित करना) support for the movement (आंदोलन).
6. Finally,
at the Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920, a compromise (समझौता करना) was worked out and the Non-Cooperation
programme was adopted.
Differing
Strands within the Movement
1.
The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in
January 1921.
2.
Various social groups participated in this
movement, each with its own specific aspiration (इच्छा)
The
Movement in the Towns
1.
The movement started with middle-class
participation in the cities.
2.
Thousands of students left
government-controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned,
and lawyers gave up their legal practices.
3.
The council elections were boycotted in most
provinces except Madras.
5.
The import of foreign cloth halved between
1921 and 1922, its value dropping from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57 crore.
7.
Now people were wearing only Indian clothes,
production of Indian textile mills and handlooms increased.
8.
But this movement in the cities gradually
slowed down for a variety of reasons.
9.
Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass
produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it.
10.
Similarly, the boycott of British institutions
created a problem.
11.
For the movement to be successful, alternative
Indian institutions had to be set up so that they could be used in place of the
British ones.
12.
So students and teachers began trickling (धीरे-धीरे जाना) back to government schools and
lawyers joined back work in government courts.
2. In
Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra.
3. The
movement (आन्दोलन) here was against talukdars
and landlords (जमींदार) who demanded from peasants very high
rents (किराया) and a variety of other taxes.
4. The
peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition (समाप्त करना)
of begar (forced labour), and boycott of oppressive (अत्याचारी) landlords.
5. By
October, the Awadh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba
Ramchandra and a few others.
6. Within
a month, over 300 branches had been set up in the villages around the region.
7. As
the movement spread in 1921, the houses of talukdars and
merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted, and grain hoards (ढेर or जमा करना)
were taken over (क़ब्ज़ा कर लेना).
8. In
many places local leaders told peasants that Gandhiji had declared that no
taxes were to be paid and land was to be redistributed among the poor.
9. British
government had closed large forest areas, preventing people from entering the
forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuel wood and fruits.
11. Not
only were their livelihoods (रोजगार) affected but they felt that their
traditional (परंपरागत) rights were being denied.
12. Alluri
Sitaram Raju (their leader) talked of the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi, said he
was inspired by the Non-Cooperation Movement, and persuaded (यक़ीन दिलाना)
people to wear khadi and give up drinking.
13. He
said that India could be liberated (स्वतंत्र करना) only by the use of force, not
non-violence.
14. The
Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and
carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj.
Swaraj in the Plantations
1. Under
the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to
leave the tea gardens without permission.
2. When
they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers left the plantations
and moved home.
3. They
believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their
own villages.
4. They,
however, never reached their destination.
5. Due
to railway strike, they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up.
1. In
February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement.
2. He
felt the movement was turning violent in many places and satyagrahis needed
proper training.
3. After
this, agricultural prices began to fall from 1926 and collapsed after 1930.
4. As
the demand for agricultural goods fell and exports declined, peasants found it
difficult to sell their harvests and pay their revenue.
5. Due
to this, the new Tory government in Britain constituted a Statutory Commission
under Sir John Simon to check constitutional system in India and suggest
changes.
6. The
problem was that the commission did not have Indian member.
7. They
were all British.
8. When
the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, he was welcomed with the slogan
‘Go back Simon’.
9. All
parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the
demonstrations (पर्दर्शन).
10. To
overcome this protest, viceroy, Lord Irwin, announced in October 1929 a Round
Table Conference to discuss a future constitution.
11. This
did not satisfy the Congress leaders.
12. In
December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress
formalised the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full independence for India.
13. It
was declared that 26 January 1930, would be celebrated as the Independence Day
when people were to take a pledge (संकल्प) to struggle for complete independence.
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