Nationalism in India with Notes || Class 10 Chapter 2 History ||
Class – 10, Chapter - 2
Nationalism in India
The First World
War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation
1. After
1919, we see the national movement (आन्दोलन) spreading to new areas, including new
social groups, and developing new modes of struggle.
2. First
of all, the world war created a new economic and political situation.
3. It
led to a huge increase in defence expenditure (खर्च) which was financed by war loans and
increasing taxes: customs duties were increased and income tax introduced.
4. During
the war years prices increased very rapidly between 1913 and 1918 which created
difficulties for the common people.
5. Villages
were called upon (बुलाना) to supply soldiers, and the forced
recruitment (नये सिपाहियों की भर्ती) in rural areas caused
widespread anger (ग़ुस्सा).
6. Then
in 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops (फसल) failed in many parts of India, resulting
in shortages (कमी) of food.
8. According
to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million people dead due to famines (भुखमरी) and the epidemic (महामारी)
9. People
hoped that their difficulties would end after the war was over.
10. But
that did not happen.
11. At
this stage a new leader appeared and suggested a new mode of struggle.
The Idea of
Satyagraha
1. Mahatma
Gandhi returned to India in January 1915.
2. He
had come from South Africa where he had successfully fought the
racist (जातिवादी) regime (शासन) with a novel (अनोखा)method of mass (जनसमूदाय) agitation (आंदोलन), which he called Satyagraha.
3. The
idea of Satyagraha emphasised (जोर देना) the power of truth and the need to
search for truth.
4. It
suggested that if the cause (कार्य) was true, if the struggle was against
injustice (अन्याय), then physical force was not necessary
to fight the oppressor (उत्पीड़क).
5. Mahatma
Gandhi believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite
all Indians.
6. After
arriving in India, Mahatma Gandhi successfully organised Satyagraha movements
in various places.
7. In
1917 he travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants (किसान) to struggle against the oppressive (अत्याचारी)
plantation system.
8. Then
in 1917, he supported the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat by
Satyagraha movements.
9. Affected
by crop failure and a plague (विपत्ति) epidemic, the peasants of Kheda could
not pay the revenue, and were demanding that revenue collection be
relaxed.
10. In
1918, Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organise a Satyagraha movement
amongst cotton mill workers.
The Rowlatt Act
1. Gandhiji
in 1919 decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt
Act (1919).
2. This
Act had been hurriedly (जल्दी से) passed through the Imperial Legislative
Council despite (के बावजूद) the united opposition (विरोध) of the Indian members.
3. It
gave the government enormous (बहुत अधिक) powers to repress (दबाना) political activities, and allowed detention
(कैद) of political prisoners (क़ैदी) without doing anything for two years.
4. Mahatma
Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience (अवज्ञा) against such unjust laws, which would
start with a protest on 6 April.
5. Rallies
were organised in various ...
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