Power sharing with notes || Class 10 Chapter 1 Politics ||
Chapter – 1, Class - 10
Power sharing
Belgium and Sri Lanka
1. Belgium is a small country in Europe, smaller in area than the
state of Haryana.
2. Its borders touch with France, Netherlands, Germany and
Luxembourg.
3. It has a population of a little over one crore, about half the
population of Haryana.
5. Of the country’s total population, 59 % lives in the Flemish
region and speaks Dutch language.
6. Another 40 % people live in the Wallonia region and speak French.
7. Remaining 1 % of the Belgians speak German.
8. In the capital city Brussels, 80 % people speak French while 20 %
are Dutch speaking.
10. Dutch-speaking community was angry for this who got the benefit of
economic development and education much later.
11. This
led to tensions between the Dutch-speaking and French-speaking communities during the 1950s and 1960s.
12. This tension was seen more in Brussels.
13. Dutch-speaking
people constituted a majority in the country,
but were poor & weak.
14. Let
us compare this to the situation in another
country.
15. Sri Lanka is an island nation, just a few kilometers off the southern coast of Tamil Nadu.
16. It
has about 2 crore people, about the same as in
Haryana.
17. The
major social groups are the Sinhala-speakers
(74 %) and the Tamil-speakers (18 %).
18. Among
Tamils there are two subgroups.
20. The
rest, whose forefathers (पूर्वज) came from India as plantation workers
during colonial period, are called ‘Indian Tamils’.
21. As
shown in map, Sri Lankan Tamils are populated in the north and east of the
country.
22. Most
of the Sinhala speaking people are Buddhists, while most of the Tamils are
Hindus or Muslims.
23. Just
imagine what could happen in situations like this.
24. In
Belgium, the Dutch community could take advantage of its numeric majority (बहुसंख्यक) and force its will on the French and
German-speaking population.
26. This
could lead to partition (बँटवारा) of the country; both the sides would
claim (दावा करना) control over Brussels.
27. In
Sri Lanka, the Sinhala community enjoyed an even bigger majority and could
impose (थोपना) its will (इच्छा) on the entire country.
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Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka
1. Sri Lanka got independence country in 1948.
2. The leaders of the Sinhala community tried to secure dominance (प्रधानता) over government by power of
their majority.
3. As a result, the democratically elected government with the help
of majority to establish Sinhala supremacy (प्रभुता)
4. In 1956, an Act was passed to recognise (मान्यता देना) Sinhala as the only official
language, thus ignoring Tamil.
5. The governments also started policies to give preference to
Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs.
6. A new constitution insured (गारंटी देना) that the state shall protect and promote (बढ़ावा देना) Buddhism.
7. All these government measures gradually (धीरे-धीरे) increased the differences among the Sri Lankan Tamils.
8. They felt that none of the major political parties of Sinhala
leaders was sensitive (संवेदनशील) to their language and culture.
9. They felt that the constitution and government
policies denied (इनकार करना) them equal political
rights, discriminated (अंतर करना)
against them in getting jobs and other opportunities.
10. As
a result, the relations between the Sinhala and Tamil communities strained (तनावपूर्ण)
over time.
11. The
Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties
and struggles for the recognition (पहचान) of
Tamil as an official language, for regional
autonomy and equality of opportunity
in education and jobs.
12. But
their demand for more autonomy
to provinces (प्रांत) populated by the Tamils was repeatedly denied (इनकार करना).
13. By 1980s several political organisations were formed demanding an independent Tamil Eelam (state) in northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka.
15. It soon turned into a CIVIL WAR.
16. As a result thousands of people of both the communities have been
killed.
17. Many families were forced to leave the country as refugees and many more
lost their livelihoods (रोजगार).
18. This civil war has increased the problems to the social, cultural and
economic life of the country.
19. It ended in 2009.
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Accommodation in Belgium
1. The
Belgian leaders took a different path.
2. They
accepted the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities.
3. Between
1970 and 1993, they amended (सुधरना) their constitution 4 times so that
everyone can work & live together within the same country.
4. The
arrangement they worked is different from any other country and is very
innovative (उन्नतिशील).
5. Here
are some of the elements of the Belgian model:
·
Constitution orders that the number of
Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government.
Some special laws require the support from each linguistic (भाषा संबंधी) group. Thus, no single community can
make decisions one-sided (एकतरफ़ा).
·
Many powers of the central government have
been given to state governments of the two regions of the country. The state
governments are not under (अधीन)
to the Central Government.
·
Brussels has a separate (अलग ) government in which both the communities
have equal representation.
·
Apart (छोड़कर) from the Central and the State
Government, there is a third kind of government. This ‘community government’ is
elected by people belonging to one language community – Dutch, French and
German-speaking. This government has the power regarding cultural, educational
and language-related issues.
7. It
also very complicated even for people living in Belgium.
8. But
these arrangements are good enough to avoid civil war in the country &
divided into 2 countries.
9. When
many countries of Europe came together to form the European Union, Brussels was
chosen as its headquarters.
10. What
do we learn from these two stories of Belgium and Sri Lanka?
11. Both
are democracies.
12. Yet,
they thought with the question of power sharing differently.
13. In
Belgium, the leaders have realised that the unity of the country is possible
only by respecting the feelings and interests of different communities and
regions.
14. Sri
Lanka shows us a different example.
15. It
shows us that if a majority community wants to force its dominance (शासन) over others and refuses (इनकार करना) to share power, it can be dangerous to
the unity of the country.
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Why power sharing is
desirable?
1. Thus,
two different reasons can be given in favour of power sharing.
2. Firstly,
power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict
between social groups.
3. Since
social conflict further increase violence and political instability, power
sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order.
4. Imposing
the will of majority community over others may look be good option in the short
run, but in the long run it can be dangerous to the unity of the nation.
5. Violence
of the majority is not just trouble (परेशान करना) for
the minority; it often brings ruin (विनाश का कारण) to the
majority as well.
7. A
democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise.
8. A
legitimate (वैध) government
is one where citizens, through participation, acquire
(हासिल करना) a
interest in the system.
10. While
prudential reasons stress (ज़ोर देना) that
power sharing will bring out better outcomes (परिणाम), moral reasons emphasis (जोर) the
power sharing as valuable.
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Forms of power-sharing
1. Political power cannot be divided so that
the idea comes into the mind of power sharing.
2. For a long time it was believed that all
power of a government must be to one person or group of persons located at one
place.
3. It was felt that if the power to decide
is dispersed (फैलाना), it would not be possible to take quick
decisions and to implement (लागू करना) them.
4. One basic principle of democracy is that
people are the source of all political power.
5. In a democracy, people rule themselves
through institutions of self-government.
6. In a good democratic government, due
respect is given to different groups and their views.
7. In modern democracies, power sharing
arrangements can take many forms.
8. Let us look at some of the most common
arrangements that we have or will come across.
i.
Power should be shared among
different organs of government, such as the
legislature, executive and judiciary (also called horizontal power
sharing). It allows different organs of
government placed at the same level to
perform different powers. Such a separation ensures that
none of the organs can have unlimited
power. Each organ checks the others. This
results in a balance of power among various
institutions. This arrangement is called
a system of checks and balances.
ii.
Power can be shared among
governments at different levels – also termed as vertical
division of power, power shared among central, state & local government.
iii.
Among different
social groups - among religious & linguistic (बहुभाषा-संबंधी)
groups, socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures
& administration.
iv.
Power can be shared
among political parties, pressure groups & movements (आन्दोलन)
like coalition government.
Nice notes sir
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