People as Resource
People as Resource
||Class 9 Chapter 2 Economics ||
Chapter – 2
People
as Resource
1.
People having some skills &
knowledge in any field who can do some productive work in that field are called
Human capital.
2.
In it, they need some
investment like education, training and medical care.
3.
If we think that it creates
problems to provide the huge population with food, education and access to
health facilities.
4.
But we should also see its
positive aspect (रूप)
that if we provide more education and health facilities to large section of
population then more it will be developed, it is called 'human capital
formation'.
5.
Investment in human resource
(via [के द्वारा]
education and medical care) can give high rates of return in future.
6.
E.g. Green Revolution is a best
example of how the input of greater knowledge in the form of improved
production technologies can rapidly increase the productivity of land
resources.
Economic Activities
1.
These are those activities
which add value to the national income.
2.
It creates production of goods
and services are called economic activities.
3.
These activities have been
classified into three main sectors i.e., primary, secondary and tertiary.
4.
Primary sector – It includes
agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, poultry (मुर्गीपालन)
farming, mining and quarrying.
5.
Secondary sector – It includes
manufacturing
6.
Tertiary sector – It includes trade,
transport, communication, banking, education, health, tourism, services,
insurance, etc.
7.
Economic activities have two
parts — market activities and non-market activities.
8.
Market activities –The main motive of doing such activities is to earn profit by
selling the output in the market. E.g. production of goods or services,
government service, business etc.
9.
Non-market
activities – These are
those activities which do not include any financial transactions and
done without any intention (उद्देश्य) of earning money or profit. E.g. household work done by a housewife, crops grown by a
farmer for his own family, tutions given by a teacher to his own child etc
Quality of Population
The quality of
population depends upon the literacy (पढ़ने लिखने की योग्यता)
rate, health of a person & it decides the growth rate of the country.
Education
1.
It is an important input for
the growth in the life.
2.
If you will invest in education
now, you will get more success in life, in the form of better job, high salary,
better health care facilities, high status in society etc.
Efforts by the government in education
1.
Government established schools
like Navodaya Vidyalaya in each district mainly emphasis (जोर देना)
on girls.
2.
Vocational (व्यवसायिक)
streams have been developed to give large number of high school students with
occupations related to knowledge and skills.
3.
The expenditure on education as
a percentage of GDP rose from 0.64% in 1951–52 to 3.0% in 2015–16 &
constant around 3% from past few years.
4.
The literacy rates have
increased from 18% in 1951 to 74% in 2010-11.
5.
Literacy among males is nearly
16.6% higher than females and it is about 16.1% higher in urban areas as
compared to rural areas.
6.
In 2011, literacy rates varied
from 94% in Kerala to 62% in Bihar.
7.
Sarva Siksha Abhiyan has been
started to provide elementary education to all children in the age group of
6–14 years.
8.
Mid-day meal scheme has also
started for the complete attendance of children and improve their nutritional
status.
9.
Gross Enrolment (नाम दर्ज करना)
Ratio (GER) in higher education in the age group of 18 to 23 years to 25.2% by
2017–18 and to reach the target of 30% by 2020–21.
Health
1.
The health of a person helps
him to realise his potential (सामर्थ्य)
and the ability to fight illness (बीमारी).
2.
If someone is not healthy, he
will not be able to maximise his output to the overall growth of the
organisation.
3.
Henceforth (इसके बाद से),
improvement in the health status of the population has been the first priority
(प्राथमिकता)
of the country.
4.
Our national policy, too, aims
at improving the accessibility of healthcare, family welfare and nutritional
service.
5.
More hospitals & clinics
are opened in Urban as well as rural areas.
6.
Free health check ups &
campaigns are run by the government.
7.
These measures have been adopted;
have increased the life expectancy (जीवन काल)
to over 68.3 years in 2014.
8.
Infant mortality rate (शिशु मृत्यु दर)
(IMR) [It is the death of a child below one year of age] has come down from 147
in 1951 to 34 in 2016.
9.
Crude birth rates (अशोधित जन्म दर)
(number of babies born for every 1,000 people during a particular period of
time) have dropped to 20.4
10.
Death rates (number of people
per 1,000 who die during a particular period of time) to 6.4 within the same
duration of time.
Unemployment
1.
People who are willing to work at the going wages (वेतन)
and cannot find jobs are called unemployment.
2.
If there is a woman & she is
housewife and she does not want to work outside, so she cannot be called unemployed.
3.
The workforce population
includes people from 15 – 59 years.
4.
It is divided into three types – seasonal, disguised and educated unemployment.
Seasonal unemployment
1.
This unemployment happens in rural
2.
Those people who are not able
to find jobs during some months of the year.
3.
People dependent upon
agriculture usually face such kind of problem in some months (usually 3–4
months).
4.
There are certain busy seasons
when sowing (बीजों की बुआई),
harvesting (फसल कटाई),
weeding (छँटाई करना)
and threshing (separation of grain from the
husks)
is done.
Disguised unemployment
1.
This unemployment happens in rural
3.
E.g. People are working in
agricultural plot, if work requires the service of five people but engages
eight people. Three people are extra & these three extra people are
disguised unemployed.
Educated unemployment
1.
It is common in urban areas.
2.
Many youths with matriculation,
graduation and post-graduation degrees are not able to find job.
3.
This is called educated
unemployment.
Effects of Unemployment
1.
Unemployment leads to wastage
of manpower resource & people who are an asset (useful or valuable quality) for the economy turn
into a liability (quality of being something that holds you back).
3.
The dependence of the
unemployed on the working population increases.
4.
The quality of life of an
individual as well as of society is adversely affected.
5.
Due to unemployment, crime
increases.
6.
They are forced to do work
which they do not like or have any choice
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